Snorkels, Leaf Blight and Sympathy

That was just not called for.  Nobody ordered that much water.  

Pioneer Sales Rep Kevin Nixon, from Ilderton posted this picture.  With his ears in jeopardy he was ready to order a set of snorkels.

Some have been wondering about the bleached look that took over corn fields last week.  It looks like the crop was frozen, but not all fields look the same. How come?
The answer is it is not frost.  It is Northern Corn Leaf Blight.  It starts out looking like this.

The symptom for NLB is long cigar shaped lesions on the leaf.  NLB is a fungal disease that survives on corn trash and spread by rain and wind.  High humidity, heavy dews and moderate temperatures favour infection levels to increase and it can increase rapidly.

This diagram explains how NLB spreads quickly during the growing season.  Lesions can produce new spores in a week.  This rapid reproduction cycle allows the disease to spread more quickly than most other diseases.

When NLB becomes severe the leaf begins to look grey and "frosted" like the one above. Continuous corn where the previous year's trash is left close to the soil surface is more susceptible.  Hybrids can make a difference too.

I took this picture from a strip plot.  The hybrid on the left P9910XR scores a 4 for NLB resistance.  The hybrid on the right P0094AM scores a 5 for NLB.  Most years a 4 score is more than adequate, but not under heavy pressure.  Plants that have a lot of NLB infection lose photosynthetic capacity due to the reduced effective leaf area.  Test weight will tend to be lower and standability may be affected as well because the plant mobilizes reserves from the stalk in an attempt to fill the ear.

Finally a heart felt sympathy is extended to the volunteers of the International Plowing Match after Mother Nature forced them to cancel the last day of the match on Saturday.

Brian took this shot while going in to assist with the evacuation.  All the long hours of volunteer effort swamped in a sea of mud.  Very sad.  

Harvest 2013

Corn silage harvest cranked up this week.  The most common word used so far when describing the corn crop, especially Pioneer 34A85 has been "awesome".  The second most common word has been "fantastic".

Silage harvesters have been hard to see behind the walls of corn.

Bunkers are overflowing.

And there is still crop left in the field.

This is good news for every corn grower.  Grain contributes 50% of the weight on average, to silage tonnage.  Heavy silage and high grain content go hand in hand.  This is evident looking at ear development on full season silage hybrids, like 34A85.

Get ready grain producers.  Your turn is coming.    

Firing Squad

A lot of corn looks great in the area.  However, inquiries have been made this week about firing and pre-mature death that is occurring in patches throughout some corn fields.  Some of it is moderate firing like the field above.  Some of it is more severe as in the field below.

The drought stress through the last half of August has accelerated the condition.  Where it is severe we can start to find some kernel abortion on the ear tips.  The plant has made the decision to allocate resources to the oldest kernels and abort the tip kernels.  The yield loss from this is always less than what it appears.  In an ideal world we want every kernel.  However,the remaining kernels become heavier and will partly make up for the aborted kernels in the tip.

The more moderate firing is often related to N deficiency.  This leaf below is showing classic N deficiency symptoms.

It is common to see lower leaves look like this during the grain fill period.  As long as it stays below the ear there will be no yield loss.  This same plant had a healthy ear leaf and maintains excellent yield potential.

Our Pioneer Area Agronomist, Aric Bos wrote the following about firing.  He makes some excellent points, particularly the last paragraph regarding yield and standability.  I have reprinted his entire commentary.

For the areas where leaf firing has gone above or is approaching the ear leaf, or plants show severe stunting, and lighter shades of green; this has caused concern with growers, and seems to be more excessive in some areas this year compared to others.  In many cases, growers applied N in such a way to realistically fulfill their yields targets this year, but have still had excessive firing/N losses.

-          How was the N applied and in what form?

In many cases this year, side-dressed N fields look strong. Having all N applied upfront simply puts it more at risk for loss in a year like we had.

 The form of N also played a role. There were growers who side-dressed with Urea, but didn’t have the moisture to allow it to incorporate into the soil profile, resulting in N deficiency.

Fertility programs that credited higher levels of N units to cover crops and manure didn’t see those units come to fruition in some areas. Mineralization of these sources of N seemed to be slower this year. In Greg Stewarts pre-side dress nitrogen sampling survey this year, the level of N available at side-dress time was lower than expected and is thought to be due to lower levels of mineralization. (breakdown of organic matter into nitrates).

-          Stresses

Heavy rains

In sandy, course-textured soils – the amount of rainfall we had causes large amounts of N to leach below the root zone and out of reach of plant roots.

 In finer textured soils (clay loams, silt loams) – excessive rainfall caused saturated soil conditions and denitrification. Denitrification is the process where soil bacteria breakdown nitrates (the usable form of N) into a non-usable form for plants, which eventually gets lost to the atmosphere. The key to denitrification is that the bacteria only breakdown N in anaerobic (saturated) conditions. Even if there wasn’t necessarily ponding of water in a field, doesn’t mean those areas weren’t as risk. 5” of rain at a time can make soils saturated and create anaerobic conditions, even if you don’t see ponding.

  Drought

 Some areas became very dry in the last few weeks and some had drought stresses back around silking. Water is the main carrier of nutrients into a plant. Plants will sacrifice lower leaves to a greater extent to fill this need.  Corn roots didn’t need to go digging for moisture earlier this spring, and so put them at a disadvantage when conditions became dry.

Compaction

This causes root restriction, which doesn’t allow the plants to reach the nutrients, even if it was available.

-          Yield Losses?

In cases where whole plant growth was stunted due to excessive moisture, compaction, drought, etc a yield loss can be expected simply because there is less plant growth there. 55-60% of a whole plant weight is the grain (harvest index), and so stunted plants with less above ground growth will yield less.

Yield losses just from excessive firing are extremely hard to predict.  Firing shows that a plant is prioritizing filling its grain, at the expense of lower leaves and stalks. One thing to keep in mind would be the late season standabilty of some of these fields.